We've all heard how hard it is to get started careers in offshore drilling. The offshore rigs are all about experience. Technical Data used in the field explained in diploma in petroleum engineering. To get a job on a deep water well you need things like underwater welding, drilling in deep water, or other experience don't you? Even the electricians need experience on oil rigs. Not quite actually, there are jobs that you can get that pay top dollar and don't require experience or even training, although both may net you job a little faster. Roustabout work on the offshore rigs is currently picking up steam again. While there is a moratorium on offshore drilling, that doesn't include those wells that are not in deep water. That means, that all wells in production now, as well as those underway, which are in under 500 feet of water are business as usual. There is roustabout work out there and it's waiting to pay you a good wage and excellent benefits. You may not need any experience at all to accept it and it's going to give you a foot in the door on the offshore oil rigs where you want to work. Some more details of diploma in petroleum engineering are as under. What is a Roustabout? To put it bluntly, the roustabout work is the manual labor, or what you might call grunt work. You will be responsible for maintenance work. You will paint, you may scrape rust, you will quite likely connect pipe, and even direct the overhead cranes to some degree, although not without some safety training. Roustabout work is the one job on an offshore rig that takes no real training before you start. While there are training programs out there for roustabouts, most drilling companies tend to chuckle at that. The training program that will prepare you best for your roustabout work is the ability to do hard work and to work long hours with out complaint. The roustabout work is difficult and very demanding physically of those who take it on. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join oil field after diploma in petroleum technology.
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There are many other special types of subsurface pumps for use in special problem situations. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Rawalpindi. Most of these are considered “non-API” pumps, although they may use some parts that meet API specifications in their construction. One special pump is the casing pump, which is designed to be inserted directly into the casing without a string of tubing. Such pumps are set in the casing on a packer or casing anchor that grips the casing and holds the pump in position. Such pumps are limited in size only by the casing size and can be made to have a very large capacity in relatively shallow wells. However, with this arrangement, all the gas produced with the well fluid must pass through the pump, and this may seriously limit the effective capacity in wells producing large quantities of gas. Some more details of petroleum courses in rawalpindi are as under. Another special type of pump that is used to some extent is an arrangement where two displacing plungers are designed to act in series. This increases the displacement of a pump that will run in a given size of tubing and at a given stroke length. Another variation of this concept uses two valves and seats in the lower plunger and none in the upper plunger. This allows a fluid load on the lower plunger at all times and assists the sucker rods in falling on the down stroke. which is desirable for the more viscous fluids. Fluids with large amounts of gas can cause gas locking or at least reduced flow because of expansion of gas in the chamber between the plunger and the standing valve on the upstroke. This situation can sometimes be relieved by a special pump having two so-called compression chambers that serve to increase the compression ratio in those chambers above that normally obtainable in a standard pump. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in islamabad. This type of pump is illustrated in Fig. 8.8 and gets its name from the three tubes used in its construction. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Rawalpindi. The complete pump assembly is lowered into the well on the sucker-rod string and is positioned in the well by contacting either a cup-seating assembly or a mechanical lock hold down. The middle tube of the pump is stationary, attached to the hold down. The other two tubes attached to the sucker-rod string move over the middle stationary tube, one on the outside and one on the inside. The tubes used in this pump are relatively long and have a relatively large operating clearance in comparison with the usual pump plunger. The resistance to flow between the tubes is adequate to create the seal necessary to displace the fluid past the standing valve and through the traveling valve against the tubing pressure. Some more details of petroleum courses in rawalpindi are as under. This pump is designed primarily to clean out wells after work over operations or formation-fracturing operations, which may make the well produce large quantities of sand for a considerable time. It is also used in wells producing from loose-sand formations that consistently produce quantities of fine floating sand. Where conditions are such that there is considerable free gas in the well fluid at the pump intake, it is desirable to prevent as much gas as possible from entering the pump and permit the gas to rise to the surface through the casing annulus rather than through the tubing. Numerous so-called gas anchors are in use that are designed to separate the free gas and deflect it up the casing annulus. Fig. 8.9 illustrates a common type of gas-anchor arrangement in which the well fluid must enter the perforated nipple and circulate downward at a low velocity before entering the gas-anchor tube, which is attached to the pump intake. This gives the free gas an opportunity to separate and rise to the uppermost ports in the perforated nipple where it may return to the casing. A large portion of the gas will rise through the casing before passing through the perforated nipple. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join oil field after petroleum courses in rawalpindi Common arrangements of two valves in series used both as traveling valves and as standing valves. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Rawalpindi. Experience has shown that two valves in series will give much longer service than a single valve if the valve life is determined by wear or fluid cutting, rather than by corrosive action. This result appears entirely logical where sand or other solid material is lifted with the oil. In such cases failure is likely to occur as a result of fluid cutting when a solid particle is caught between the ball and seat and prevents perfect seating. A pressure differential of 2,000 psi will produce a jet of fluid having a velocity of over 500 ft/sec, which can easily damage the lapped valve-seating surface on balls and seats in a short time. The rate of damage is accelerated if the fluid jet carries solid material in suspension. Some more details of petroleum courses in Rawalpindi are as under. The life of a ball and seat will depend largely on the number of times it is subjected to damage by fluid jets. By use of double valves this can be greatly decreased, since a jet cannot occur until both balls are held off their seats during the same stroke. For example, if conditions are such that a single ball and seat is prevented from seating properly once out of each 100 strokes, the chances of both valves in series failing to seat properly will be reduced to 1 in 10,000 strokes. Furthermore, if the two valves fail to seat, the pressure drop will be distributed between the two valves and the cutting action will be less severe than with a single valve. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in Islamabad. In slippage past a closely fitted plunger, the flow between the plunger and the barrel is in the viscous range, so leakage or slippage is inversely proportional to the absolute viscosity and to the plunger length. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Rawalpindi. It is directly proportional to the plunger diameter, the differential pressure between the two ends of the plunger, and the cube of the diametric clearance. The absolute viscosity of well fluids commonly pumped will range from approximately 1 to 100 cp at temperatures existing at the pump setting. In some cases the viscosity may be as high as 1,000 cp. As a result of viscosity variations, the slippage past the plunger of a particular plunger-pump assembly with a given plunger fit, length, and diameter may vary by as much as 100 to 1 under fairly common conditions. and as much as 1,000 to 1 under extreme conditions with the same differential pressure across the plunger. Some more details of petroleum courses in rawalpindi are as under. Thus it is seen that a plunger pump may operate with acceptable efficiency in a well producing a highly viscous oil, whereas the same pump operated at the same speed and stroke may fail to deliver any oil to the surface when installed at the same depth in a well producing oil of low viscosity. If we assume that the volume of the barrel below the plunger is completely filled during the upstroke, this rate of leakage can occur only during the upstroke, or approximately one-half of the total time. The net slippage past the plunger is 5.72 cu in./min, or 0.85 B/D. The displacement of a 21/4-in. pump operating at fifteen 48-in. strokes per minute is 426 BID, and the slippage in this case is only about 0.2%, which is insignificant. The results of this and other plunger clearances with 3-cp oil. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join oil field after petroleum courses in islamabad. A typical ESP installation is The ESP system’s major surface and downhome equipment is shown. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Rawalpindi, In this installation, the available surface power is transformed to the down hole power requirements by three single-phase transformers. The transformed power is supplied by a power cable to a switchboard and then through a junction box and wellhead/tubing support. The power cable is run in with the production tubing string and is banded to the tubing to prevent mechanical damage during installation and removal. The power cable is spliced to a motor flat cable, which is banded to the exterior of the pump-protector motor unit. The centrifugal pump is located at the top of the down hole unit. Some more details of petroleum courses in rawalpindi are as under. The pump is hung on the tubing string by the discharge head. Below the pump is a standard intake, which provides for fluid entry to the pump. The center component is the protector. The protector both equalizes external and internal pressure and isolates the motor from the well fluid. The lowest component is the motor, which drives the centrifugal pump. Note that the down hole unit is landed above the perforations. This is necessary so that fluid entering the well flows past the motor. This flow cools the motor, which is otherwise likely to overheat and fail. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join petroleum courses in islamabad. The electric submersible pump (ESP), sometimes called “submergible, ” is perhaps the most versatile of the major oil-production artificial lift methods. Technical Data used in the field explained in petroleum courses in Rawalpindi. This chapter provides the reader with a broad understanding of the key factors in selection, installation, and operation of electric submersible pumps. ESP topics covered include the ESP system; applications; ESP system components, selection data and methods; handling, installation, and operation; and troubleshooting. The ESP system comprises a downhome pump, electric power cable, and surface controls. In a typical application, the downhome pump is suspended on a tubing string hung on the wellhead and is submerged in the well fluid. Some more details of petroleum courses in rawalpindi are as under. The pump is close-coupled to a submersible electric motor that receives power through the power cable and surface controls. The ESP has the broadest producing range of any artificial lift method. The standard 60-Hz producing range of the ESP extends from a low of 100 B/D of total fluid up to 90,000 B/D. Variable-speed drives can extend the producing range beyond these rates. Although most operators tend to associate ESP’s with “high volume” lift rates, the average ESP produces less than 1,000 B/D of total fluid in continuous operation. ESP’s are used to produce a variety of fluids and the gas, chemicals, and contaminants commonly found in these fluids. Currently ESP’s are operated economically in virtually every known oil field environment. The WOR is, in general, not significant in assessing an application. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join oil field after petroleum courses in Islamabad. |
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